描述

IC698CPE030

?高可靠性是過程控制系統(tǒng)的第一要求。冗余技術(shù)是計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)可靠性設(shè)計中常采用的一種技術(shù)，是提高計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)可靠性的最有效方法之一。為了達(dá)到高可靠性和低失效率相統(tǒng)一的目的，我們通常會在控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計和應(yīng)用中采用冗余技術(shù)。合理的冗余設(shè)計將大大提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性，但是同時也增加了系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜度和設(shè)計的難度，應(yīng)用冗余配置的系統(tǒng)還增加了用戶投資。因此，如何合理而有效的進(jìn)行控制系統(tǒng)冗余設(shè)計，是值得研究的課題。

? ? 1：冗余技術(shù)

? ? 冗余技術(shù)概要：冗余技術(shù)就是增加多余的設(shè)備，以保證系統(tǒng)更加可靠、安全地工作。冗余的分類方法多種多樣，按照在系統(tǒng)中所處的位置，冗余可分為元件級、部件級和系統(tǒng)級；按照冗余的程度可分為1:1冗余、1:2冗余、1:n冗余等多種。在當(dāng)前元器件可靠性不斷提高的情況下，和其它形式的冗余方式相比，1:1的部件級熱冗余是一種有效而又相對簡單、配置靈活的冗余技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)方式，如I/O卡件冗余、電源冗余、主控制器冗余等。因此，目前國內(nèi)外主流的過程控制系統(tǒng)中大多采用了這種方式。當(dāng)然，在某些局部設(shè)計中也有采用元件級或多種冗余方式組合的成功范例。

? ? 控制系統(tǒng)冗余設(shè)計的目的:系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行不受局部故障的影響，而且故障部件的維護(hù)對整個系統(tǒng)的功能實(shí)現(xiàn)沒有影響，并可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在線維護(hù)，使故障部件得到及時的修復(fù)。冗余設(shè)計會增加系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的難度，冗余配置會增加用戶系統(tǒng)的投資，但這種投資換來了系統(tǒng)的可靠性，它提高了整個用戶系統(tǒng)的平均無故障時間（MTBF），縮短了平均故障修復(fù)時間（MTTR），因此，應(yīng)用在重要場合的控制系統(tǒng)，冗余是非常必要的。

? ? 二個部件組成的并聯(lián)系統(tǒng)（互為冗余）與單部件相比，平均無故障時間是原來的1.5倍。系統(tǒng)的可用性指標(biāo)可以用兩個參數(shù)進(jìn)行簡單的描述，一個是平均無故障時間（MTBF），另一個是平均修復(fù)時間（MTBR）。系統(tǒng)的可用性可用下式表示：

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IC698CPE030

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